How do DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis relate to Genetic Engineering?
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Let's talk about the definitions of some important terms:
DNA (Deoxyriboncleic Acid)- the main components of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms
Transcription- the process in a cell by which genetic material is copied from a strand of DNA to a complimentary strand of RNA
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)- any of a class of single- stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus, the mitochondria, or chloroplast, that contains a linear sequence of nucleotide bases that is complementary to the DNA strand from which it is transcribed
mRNA (messenger RNA)- that mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
rRNA (Ribosomol RNA)- it is a permanent structural part of a ribosome.
Ribosome- the protein complex which is the site of Protein Synthesis
tRNA (Transfer RNA)- one of a class of RNA molecules that transports amino acids to ribosomes for incorporation into a polypeptide undergoing synthesis
Amino Acid- are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed
Translation- the process in the ribosomes of a cell by which a strand of mRNA directs the assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein
Protein Synthesis- the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, and various enzymes
Proteins- are involved in virtually all cell functions, and each individual protein as a specific function within a living organism.
DNA (Deoxyriboncleic Acid)- the main components of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms
Transcription- the process in a cell by which genetic material is copied from a strand of DNA to a complimentary strand of RNA
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)- any of a class of single- stranded molecules transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus, the mitochondria, or chloroplast, that contains a linear sequence of nucleotide bases that is complementary to the DNA strand from which it is transcribed
mRNA (messenger RNA)- that mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
rRNA (Ribosomol RNA)- it is a permanent structural part of a ribosome.
Ribosome- the protein complex which is the site of Protein Synthesis
tRNA (Transfer RNA)- one of a class of RNA molecules that transports amino acids to ribosomes for incorporation into a polypeptide undergoing synthesis
Amino Acid- are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed
Translation- the process in the ribosomes of a cell by which a strand of mRNA directs the assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein
Protein Synthesis- the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, and various enzymes
Proteins- are involved in virtually all cell functions, and each individual protein as a specific function within a living organism.
![Picture](/uploads/2/7/8/5/27859889/9834697.jpg)
Now, let's talk about how the terms listed above relate to each other:
1. The DNA becomes RNA, specifically 3 different types of RNA. These three different types are
3. During this process, the Amino Acids are linked together and fold in on themselves creating a "bundle".
4. After that, the bundle combines with other bundles to create a protein.
5. The shape and size of the created protein dictates it's function in the organism.
6. Proteins then go on to control every facet of the living organism's existence.
1. The DNA becomes RNA, specifically 3 different types of RNA. These three different types are
- mRNA
- rRNA
- tRNA
3. During this process, the Amino Acids are linked together and fold in on themselves creating a "bundle".
4. After that, the bundle combines with other bundles to create a protein.
5. The shape and size of the created protein dictates it's function in the organism.
6. Proteins then go on to control every facet of the living organism's existence.
![Picture](/uploads/2/7/8/5/27859889/8135889.png?266)
So how does the process above relate to Genetic Engineering?
Application of Genetic Engineering:
- Genetic Engineering is a type of Genetic Modification; it is also called Recombinant DNA or rDNA
- Genetic Engineering involves isolating specific genes and transferring them to organisms of the same or different species
- Genes of interest are taken from one organism and are inserted into the genome of a target organism to hopefully create a new phenotype in the target organism.
- Organisms which have received a gene transplant in this manner is called "Transgenic".
Application of Genetic Engineering:
- HUMANS: Trans-genic Micro-Organism Examples: Recombinant bacteria containing the human insulin gene are used to produce insulin to treat diabetes
- PLANTS: Trans-genic Plant Examples: Bacterial gene inserted into the DNA of certain crop plants to make them specific herbicides. The herbicide kills weed but not the crop plant. The intention is to reduce the quantity of herbicide by making it's use more effective.
- ANIMALS: Trans-genic Animal Examples: A particular human blood-clotting factor is extracted from the milk of genetically modified sheep. The clotting protein is needed to treat a form of haemophilia.